摘要 :
An electrochemical molten salt alternative to the classic Kraft causticizing211 process has been investigated and the feasibility of the process was successfully 211 shown. The experiments include (A) the determination of backgrou...
展开
An electrochemical molten salt alternative to the classic Kraft causticizing211 process has been investigated and the feasibility of the process was successfully 211 shown. The experiments include (A) the determination of background thermal 211 decomposition gases, (B) the electrolysis of a sodium carbonate only smelt to 211 show that sodium oxide can be electrochemically produced, and (C) electrolysis of 211 a synthetic smelt containing 80 mole % Na(sub 2)CO(sub 3) and 20 mole % Na(sub 211 2)S. The experiments show, that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was produced by the 211 electrochemical reduction of sodium carbonate to sodium oxide in the molten 211 state. In the experiment containing sodium sulfide, there was formation of less 211 than 5 mole % of polysulfide. Energy savings on the order of 500,000 BTU per ton 211 of kraft pulp produced are estimated, based on the energy used by the mill. 211 Operating costs are estimated to be currently similar to conventional processing. 211 However, price increases of fossil fuels and increased co-generation of 211 electricity in the mill will give the electrolytical process significant cost 211 advantages.
收起
摘要 :
The use of polarized light microscopy for identifying crystals encountered in Rockwell Hanford Operations chemical studies is described. Identifying characteristics and full-color photographs are presented for crystals commonly fo...
展开
The use of polarized light microscopy for identifying crystals encountered in Rockwell Hanford Operations chemical studies is described. Identifying characteristics and full-color photographs are presented for crystals commonly found in Hanford Site nuclear waste, including sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium aluminate, sodium phosphate, sodium fluoride, ammonium heptafluorozirconate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, and ammonium nitrate. These characteristics are described in terms of birefringence, extinction position, interference figure, sign of elongation, optic sign, and crystal morphology. Background information on crystal optics is presented so that these traits can be understood by the nonmicroscopist. Detailed operational instructions are given so that the novice microscope user can make the proper adjustments of the instrument to search for and observe the identifying features of the crystals. (ERA citation 10:015781)
收起
摘要 :
beta -delayed neutron yields from exp 29 Na to exp 34 Na are measured with a high efficiency liquid scintillator neutron detector. Ph values and half-lives are deduced for exp 29 Na to exp 34 Na and exp 31 Mg to exp 34 Mg descenda...
展开
beta -delayed neutron yields from exp 29 Na to exp 34 Na are measured with a high efficiency liquid scintillator neutron detector. Ph values and half-lives are deduced for exp 29 Na to exp 34 Na and exp 31 Mg to exp 34 Mg descendants. (ERA citation 09:012933)
收起
摘要 :
Sodium-water reaction products (SWRP) which had accumulated in the bottom of the reaction products tank (RPT) of the Large Leak Test Rig (LLTR) were sampled and characterized. Analysis showed that the SWRP consisted of NaOH, Na su...
展开
Sodium-water reaction products (SWRP) which had accumulated in the bottom of the reaction products tank (RPT) of the Large Leak Test Rig (LLTR) were sampled and characterized. Analysis showed that the SWRP consisted of NaOH, Na sub 2 O, NaH, and Na, as expected, in varying proportions. The unreacted sodium in the samples examined ranged from 32 to 60% by weight. The SWRP reacts (dissolves) rapidly and completely with ethanol, and somewhat less rapidly and completely with Dowanol PM. A magnetic, metallic residue was left, originating in the Croloy of the test article in the LLTR. These solvents should be investigated further as possible agents for cleaning sodium systems that are highly contaminated with water reaction products. The SWRP does not completely liquefy with heating to 800 exp 0 F (427 exp 0 C). Although it softens to a consistency similar to that of wet sand, it is unlikely that it would flow or could be pumped even at such elevated temperature. The presence of highly corrosive molten NaOH. (above 606 exp 0 F, 319 exp 0 C) also makes the hot draining of SWRP unattractive.
收起
摘要 :
An electrochemical molten salt alternative to the classic kraft causticizing process has been investigated and the feasibility of the process was successfully shown. The experiments included (a) determination of background thermal...
展开
An electrochemical molten salt alternative to the classic kraft causticizing process has been investigated and the feasibility of the process was successfully shown. The experiments included (a) determination of background thermal decomposition gases, (b) the electrolysis of a sodium- carbonate-only smelt to show that sodium oxide can be electrochemically produced, and (c) electrolysis of a synthetic smelt containing 80 mole% Na2-CO3 and 20 mole% Na2-S. The experiments show that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was produced by the electrochemical reduction of sodium carbonate to sodium oxide in the molten state. In the experiment containing sodium sulfide, there was formation of less than 5 mole% of polysulfide. Energy savings on the order of 500,000 BTU per ton of kraft pulp produced are estimated, based on the energy used by the mill. Operating costs are estimated to be currently similar to conventional processing. However, price increases of fossil fuels and increased co-generation of electricity in the mill will give the electrolytical process significant cost advantages.
收起
摘要 :
An electrochemical molten salt alternative to the classic kraft causticizing process has been investigated and the feasibility of the process was successfully shown. The experiments included (a) determination of background thermal...
展开
An electrochemical molten salt alternative to the classic kraft causticizing process has been investigated and the feasibility of the process was successfully shown. The experiments included (a) determination of background thermal decomposition gases, (b) the electrolysis of a sodium- carbonate-only smelt to show that sodium oxide can be electrochemically produced, and (c) electrolysis of a synthetic smelt containing 80 mole% Na2-CO3 and 20 mole% Na2-S. The experiments show that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was produced by the electrochemical reduction of sodium carbonate to sodium oxide in the molten state. In the experiment containing sodium sulfide, there was formation of less than 5 mole% of polysulfide. Energy savings on the order of 500,000 BTU per ton of kraft pulp produced are estimated, based on the energy used by the mill. Operating costs are estimated to be currently similar to conventional processing. However, price increases of fossil fuels and increased co-generation of electricity in the mill will give the electrolytical process significant cost advantages.
收起
摘要 :
In the case of associated salt melts such as NaPO sub 3 , Na sub 2 B sub 4 O sub 7 -B sub 2 O sub 4 , Na sub 2 O-SiO sub 2 and K sub 2 B sub 4 O sub 7 -B sub 2 O sub 3 the theory of Anrade agrees well with experimental findings. O...
展开
In the case of associated salt melts such as NaPO sub 3 , Na sub 2 B sub 4 O sub 7 -B sub 2 O sub 4 , Na sub 2 O-SiO sub 2 and K sub 2 B sub 4 O sub 7 -B sub 2 O sub 3 the theory of Anrade agrees well with experimental findings. One exception is Na sub 2 B sub 4 O sub 7 in the case of which the melting point separates two regions of the viscose fluid. For all salt melts the equation of S. Khaikin however is only valid in individual regions. (ERA citation 08:049557)
收起
摘要 :
The gamma activities from the beta decay of Na isotopes up to exp 32 Na, which are formed in high-energy fragmentation and analyzed through mass spectrometry techniques, are observed, as well as those from their Mg or Al descendan...
展开
The gamma activities from the beta decay of Na isotopes up to exp 32 Na, which are formed in high-energy fragmentation and analyzed through mass spectrometry techniques, are observed, as well as those from their Mg or Al descendants. Their intensities are measured, in most cases, in absolute value. The radioactive half-lives of exp 29 Mg, exp 30 Mg and exp 31 Mg are determined. Delayed-neutron branching ratios P/sub n/ are measured for exp 29 Na, exp 30 Na and exp 32 Na. In some cases, partial branching ratios to excited states of the daughter nucleus are also measured. The most prominent gamma ray in the beta decay of even Na isotopes is assigned to the 2 exp + implies 0 exp + transition in the daughter Mg isotopes. The position of the first excited 2 exp + level is therefore deduced for exp 30 Mg and exp 32 Mg; the excitation energy drops markedly. It is taken as an indication of a stronger deformation for that isotope. (Atomindex citation 10:481547)
收起
摘要 :
Continual concern has been expressed over potentially hazardous exothermic reactions that might occur in Hanford Site underground waste storage tanks. The chemical hazards are a function of several interrelated factors, including ...
展开
Continual concern has been expressed over potentially hazardous exothermic reactions that might occur in Hanford Site underground waste storage tanks. The chemical hazards are a function of several interrelated factors, including the amount of energy (heat) produced, how fast it is produced, and the thermal absorption and heat transfer properties of the system. The tanks also contain many inorganic compounds inert to oxidation. These compounds act as diluents and can inhibit exothermic reactions because of their heat capacity and thus, in contrast to the oxidizable compounds, provide mitigation of hazardous reactions. In this report the energy that may be released when various organic and inorganic compounds react is computed as a function of the reaction-mix composition and the temperature. The enthalpy, or integrated heat capacity, of these compounds and various reaction products is presented as a function of temperature; the enthalpy of a given mixture can then be equated to the energy release from various reactions to predict the maximum temperature which may be reached. This is estimated for several different compositions. Alternatively, the amounts of various diluents required to prevent the temperature from reaching a critical value can be estimated. Oxidants other than nitrate and nitrite are considered briefly.
收起
